What Is The Bureau Of Animal Industry (Bai)

President Chester A. Arthur signed the Brute Industry Human activity (23 STAT 31) on May 29, 1884 creating the Bureau of Beast Manufacture (BAI), an system that was established under the The states Department of Agriculture. It replaced the Veterinary Division that had been created by the Commissioner of Agriculture in 1883, which had taken over for the Treasury Cattle Commission, Department of Treasury.^[1]

The BAI was charged with preventing diseased animals from beingness used every bit food. Congress created the Bureau to promote livestock illness inquiry, enforce animal import regulations, and regulate the interstate move of animals. In the years to follow, positions were created within BAI to back up inspection activities at U.S. ports of entry.^[2] The early focus of the agency was to eradicate the most damaging, most catching livestock diseases.^[3] Throughout its history, the Bureau of Animal Industry had many other of import divisions, most notable of these were Animal Husbandry, Beast Nutrition, Animal Pathology, Dairy, and Zoological. These divisions had a multitude of tasks related to animate being manufacture, including: research, illness eradication, breeding, inspection, and even marketing of animate being products.^[3]

By Baronial 1884, the Treasury Section'south quarantine stations were transferred to the BAI. Stations in Baltimore, New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, along with the community' offices on the Canadian and Mexican borders, these stations served as safeguards against foreign animal diseases.^[four]

The BAI, under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) ran from 1884-1942 on its own. In 1942 the BAI became part of the Agronomical Research Administration by Executive Order 9069 on Feb. 23, 1942. In 1953 the BAI was abolished by Secretary'southward Memorandum 1320, supplement 4 on Nov 2, 1953. The Dwight Eisenhower Administration made major organizational changes at the USDA. Scientific bureaus, including the Bureau of Animal Industry were abolished and their functions were transferred to the newly established Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Its duties were divided among several branches: Animal Illness and Parasite Research, Animal and Poultry Husbandry Enquiry, Animate being Illness Eradication, Animal Inspection, and Quarantine and Meat Inspection all under the Agricultural Research Service (ARS).^{[1] [4]}

Legislation and duties [edit]

On August thirty, 1890, President Benjamin Harrison signed the first law requiring inspection of meat products. The police force required that Us Section of Agriculture (USDA), through the Bureau of Animal Manufacture, to inspect salted pork and salary intended for exportation. In 1891, this law was amended to crave the inspection and certification of all live cattle and beef intended for exportation.^[four]

In 1905, the BAI faced intense force per unit area to amend meat inspections later the publication of Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle. The ground breaking book exposed unsanitary weather in the Chicago Meat Packing industry which caused enormous public outrage. President Theodore Roosevelt commissioned the Neill-Reynolds' study, written by labor commissioner Charles P. Neill and sociologist James Bronson Reynolds, which confirmed many of Sinclair's horrifying tales. In response to both The Jungle and the Neill-Reynolds written report, Congress passed the Federal Meat Inspection Act ,(21 USC 601 et seq.) in June 1906. The BAI was assigned the task of enforcing the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA).^[one]

The FMIA established four major sanitary requirements for the meat packing manufacture. The Human action required mandatory inspection of livestock before and immediately after of every carcass and set very specific sanitary standards for slaughterhouses. The FMIA immune the USDA to effect grants of inspection and monitor slaughter and processing operations, which allowed them to enforce food safety regulatory requirements. Following passage of the 1906 Act, BAI'south Meat Inspection Partitioning hired more than than 1,300 inspectors to work at 163 establishments. In 1907, the number employed past BAI was more than than 2,200 inspectors at shut to 700 establishments. In 1910, the Meat Inspection Division established a research center in Beltsville, Maryland. Vii similar laboratories were after created throughout the country. These laboratories were responsible both for developing new testing methods and testing meat and meat products for strange substances.^[1]

Starting in 1912, BAI also inspected eggs for the Navy, long earlier USDA inspected them for the market and the public.^[4]

Related laws and acts [edit]

Nutrient and Rest Human activity June 29, 1906 (Transportation of Animals) (34 Stat. 607) also known as "Live Stock Transportation Human action" and also as the "Cruelty to Animals Act", "Xx-Eight Hour Law", and "Food and Remainder Law". Deals with the transportation of alive animals for homo consumption. If transported longer than 28 hours, they are to be fed, water and unloaded (with the exception of sheep, which can go for 36 hours).^[4]

Virus-Serum-Toxin Deed 1913 (21 USC 151-158) This police was enacted largely considering of public concern over the importation of contaminated veterinary vaccines from Europe and in reaction to complaints about worthless and contaminated hog cholera products being sold throughout the country. The new law required the USDA to ensure that veterinarian biologics (vaccines, bacterins, antiserums and similar products) sold in interstate commerce are pure, condom, potent, and efficacious. In 1985, the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act was amended to include biologics sold intrastate.^[five]

Packers and Stockyards Deed of 1921 (7 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) was brought to regulate interstate and foreign commerce to stop what was perceived to exist manipulation by the packers and stockyard owners in regards to alive stock prices.^[4]

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 1939 (21 USC 301) which dealt prohibiting the motility in interstate commerce with adulterated or misbranded food.^[iv]

In 1946, the scope of inspection was expanded with the passage of The Agricultural Marketing Human activity (AMA), (7 U.s.a.C. 1621 et seq..) which allowed for inspection of exotic and game animals on a fee-for-service basis. The 1946 Act also provided USDA the say-so to inspect, certify and identify the class, quality and condition of agricultural products.^[4]

Directors and other notable people [edit]

Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850-1914) who had supervised the veterinary disease experiment station for the USDA the previous year, became the showtime managing director of the Bureau of Creature Industry. The original intent of the BAI was to study creature diseases that had been causing issues with domestic and global livestock, so Salmon was an excellent choice. His work contributed immeasurably to improving public wellness and disease control efforts.^[6]

Dr. A. D. Melvin (1862-1917) was the second managing director of the BAI from 1905 until his death in 1917. Melvin graduated from Chicago Veterinarian College and started working for the Section of Agriculture in 1886. He started inspecting animals for disease and presently became the Chief of the Meat Inspection Division in 1895. He and then became Assistant Chief of the BAI in 1890 and became Principal in December 1905.^[seven]

Dr. John R Mohler (1875-1952) began his work with the USDA as an assistant inspector for the BAI in 1897. He then moved on to become the Chief of the Pathological Division in 1902. Mohler and so became Main of the Bureau of Animal Manufacture in 1917 and held that post until his retirement in 1943. Mohler focused on animal diseases, specifically those that affected cattle, birds, sheep, horses, and hogs. He wrote and co-wrote many bulletins, circulars, and manufactures on these topics. In 1939 Mohler received the twelfth International Veterinary Congress Prize in recognition of his outstanding achievements in veterinary service, this is the highest honor the veterinarian profession bestows.^[8]

Eloise Blaine Cram (1897-1957) graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Chicago in 1919, and received her Ph.D. from George Washington University in 1925. In 1920 Cram started working as a zoologist for the USDA'southward Agency of Animal Manufacture (BAI), where she was noted as an say-so on the parasites of poultry, and eventually gained the position every bit Head of Parasites of Poultry and Game Birds. In 1936, Cram left the BAI to accept a position at the Zoology Lab of the National Institutes of Wellness (NIH) where her major contribution to parasitology was her pioneering research into the curbing of the helminthic (produced past worms) illness Schistosomiasis. Cram had produced over 160 papers and monographs on diverse subjects relating to animal parasitology and had get an international authority on helminthic diseases. In 1955 she served as the only adult female president of the American Society of Parasitologists.^[9]

Maurice Crowther Hall (1881-1938) became a zoologist for the Bureau of Animal Industry from 1907-1916 when he and so entered the United States Ground forces'south Veterinary Corps later on which Hall returned to his former position with the BAI. In 1925 he was promoted to head of the BAI's Zoological Division. In 1921 Hall discovered that carbon tetrachloride was incredibly effective as an anthelminthic in eradicating hookworm. His discovery played a vital role in the worldwide destruction of hookworm. Hall likewise oversaw the structure of the Zoological Segmentation's first field station, in Beltsville, MD. Hall served in 1930 as the president of the American Veterinary Medical Association and in 1932 was president of the American Society of Parasitologists. Hall left the BAI in 1936 to become the Head of the Zoological Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health.^[9]

Albert Hassall (1862-1942) began working for the BAI in 1887 equally a Veterinary Inspector. In 1891 he was made an Banana in BAI'south Partitioning of Pathology. In 1904 he became an Assistant in Zoology in BAI's Zoological Sectionalization, he was and then promoted to Assistant Zoologist in 1910. Hassall then became Assistant Master of the Sectionalisation in 1928 until his forced retirement in 1932. Hassall's biggest contribution to the BAI was compiling the Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology, a comprehensive reference work on parasitology. The Purple Higher of Veterinary Surgeons in London, awarded Hassall the coveted Steele Medal in 1932 for his piece of work on this crucially important reference and research tool.^[nine]

Publications [edit]

The Bureau of Animate being Industry published many Bulletins and Circulars. Here is a selection:

• "Circular 46". First International Dairy Congress at Brussels, in 1903 (Study). United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. 1904.
• "Circular 151". Competitive Exhibitions of Milk and Cream (Report). United States Department of Agronomics, Bureau of Animal Industry. 1909.
• "Circular 114". Sanitary Milk Production (Report). United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. 20 August 1907.
• "Circular 213". The Governments Inspection and Quarantine Service Relating to the Importation and Exportation of Livestock (Written report). Us Department of Agriculture, Agency of Animal Industry. 1913.
• "Message 1". Nature, Causation and Prevention of Texas Fever (Report). United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animate being Industry. 1893.
• Improvement of the Egg Farm (Study). The states Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. 12 September 1911.

Farther reading [edit]

• Andrews, John Due south. (1987). "Animal Parasitology in the U.s.a. Department of Agriculture, 1886-1984". In Wiser, Vivian D.; Marker, Larry (eds.). 100 years of brute wellness, 1884-1984. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Creature and Plant Health Inspection Service. pp. 113–165.
• Caffey, F. (1915). The Xx-eight Hour Police and the Creature Quarantine Laws Annotated. U.Southward. Authorities Printing Function.
• Cima, Greg (13 February 2013). "LEGENDS: America's first DVM". JAMA News. Retrieved 2017-xi-23 .
• Houck, U. Thou. (1924). History of the Bureau of Animal Industry and Zoological Sectionalization. U.South. National Creature Parasite Collection Records. Box 98, Folder five. Special Collections, National Agronomical Library.
• Salmon, D. E. (1901). The U.s. Bureau of Brute Industry, at the close of the nineteenth century. 1884-1900. Washington, DC: Author, 1901. Accessed September 2, 2015.
• Saunders, LZ (November 1989). "A history of the Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animate being Manufacture, Usa Section of Agriculture, betwixt 1891-1921". Veterinary pathology. 26 (six): 531–50. doi:x.1177/030098588902600617. PMID 2690451.
• Schwabe, Calvin Due west. (1981). "A Brief History of American Parasitology: The Veterinarian Connection between Medicine and Zoology". In Warren, Kenneth Due south.; Purcell, Elizabeth F. (eds.). The current status and future of parasitology: study of a conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. pp. 21–43.
• Stalheim, OH (xv May 1984). "Contributions of the Agency of Animal Manufacture to the veterinary profession". Journal of the American Veterinarian Medical Association. 184 (ten): 1222–4. PMID 6376440.
• Stalheim, OH; Moulton, WM (1986). "Veterinary medicine in the United States Department of Agriculture". Journal of NAL Assembly. eleven (ane–4): 19–62. PMID 11617420.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "100 years of Food Rubber Inspection Service overview".
2. ^ "History of APHIS". APHIS. iii August 2015.
3. ^ ^{a b} Library, National Agricultural. "National Agricultural Library - Dwelling Page". www.nal.usda.gov . Retrieved 2017-04-30 .
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "APHIS Overview History". Usa Department of Agronomics Food Prophylactic and Inspection Service. August 3, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
5. ^ "APHIS veterinary background".
6. ^ "USDA Daniel Salmon Internship Brochure" (PDF).
7. ^ "New York Times 1917".
8. ^ "National Agriculture Library, Special Collections".
9. ^ ^{a b c} "National Agronomical Library, Special Collections Eloise Cram".

External links [edit]

• Works by U.s. Agency of Fauna Industry at Project Gutenberg
• Bureau of Animal Industry Circulars at HathiTrust
• Bureau of Animal Manufacture Bulletins at HathiTrust

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Animal_Industry

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